No. All taking out the battery does is restore a working, but mis-configured BIOS to it’s default configuration. If the BIOS is borked (usually resulting from a bad BIOS flash or flashing an incompatible BIOS, or power failure during the flash), this does nothing. Provided the BIOS chip is removeable, you’d need to order a new chip. If not, then you’ll have to see if the motherboard manufacturer can do anything for you on that end.
While you don’t need the entire list of parts to test a motherboard, what you do need are the CPU and cooling fan, 1 stick of RAM, a video card (unless you have working on-board video), and a power supply. You don’t even need a case.
As for shorts happening, it is possible. Not frequent, but, yes most certainly possible. If there is a short, then the motherboard may not even power up or attempt to power up, especially if the BIOS isn’t in a working state.